1. graph x and y
2. ratio test
• copy L2 into L3
• copy L2 into L4
• delete first number of L3
• delete last number of L4
• L5 = L3/L4
• common ration = mean of L5 (1-var stat. of L5)
3. graph x, logy
• clear L3, L4, L5
• L3 = log(L2)
• check to see if transformed data is linear… must be on statement of proof: “The transformed data appears to be (roughly/strongly/etc.) linear. Therefore the original data is exponential.”
• graph L1, L3
4. calculate linear regression of x and logy
• (y hat) = a + bx
• (stat calc 8 L1, L3, Y1)
• put line on graph (step 3)
5. residual plot to determine if truly linear (graph x, resid)
• resid: 2nd stat 8
6. pattern or not (random scatter = equally spread above and below line)
• write sentence: “If the residual plot shows random scatter, then the transformed data is linear and therefore the original data is exponential.”
7. write equation log(y hat) = a + bx
• simply write equation from step 4 and put “log” in front of (y hat)
8. inverse transformation
• write in exponential form
• (y hat) = 10 (to the) [a + bx] (power)
9. predict
**reference information from problem!**
Monday, October 22, 2007
APES Oceanography Test Corrections - Shope
20. Each tide (high and low) usually occur twice daily because…
A. the sun’s gravity adds to the moon’s gravity
B. the moon rotates on its axis twice as fast as the earth
C. the moon orbits the earth in intervals of 12 hours
D. the moon’s gravity pulls the solid earth causing water to rise opposite the moon
E. ocean currents push against the gravity tides causing water to “slosh” up
2. D
A. the sun’s gravity adds to the moon’s gravity
B. the moon rotates on its axis twice as fast as the earth
C. the moon orbits the earth in intervals of 12 hours
D. the moon’s gravity pulls the solid earth causing water to rise opposite the moon
E. ocean currents push against the gravity tides causing water to “slosh” up
2. D
Esp5 Una Carta a Dios vocabulario - Calvar
español - english
un cerro bajo - small mountain (“montañas pequeños”)
cosecha - (crops), harvest
aguacero - rain storm
maduro - ripe
frijol - bean(s)
el corral - corral
gotas - drops
maíz - corn
hacia - towards
la vieja - old lady
Dios lo quiera. - God willing.
avanzar - to advance
cortina - curtain
soplar - to blow
granizos - hail
las perlas heladas - frozen pearls
monedas - coins
exponiéndose - exposing themselves (making available)
de pronto - suddenly
recoger - to pick up, collect
la huerta - garden (of vegetables)
langostas - lobsters
la tempestad - storm
el alma - soul
lamentaciones - (complaining, etc.), lamentations, woe, sadness
mortificado - upset
ojalá que - (I hope that), I wish…
el monte - the field
salado - salty
pasar hambre - to go hungry
afigirse (te aflijas) - to be afflicted
cuyos ojos - whose eyes
fortificado - fortified
una bestia - beast
las conciencias - conscience(s)
rudo - rough (not meaning “rude”)
echar - (to throw), to put; (letter in mailbox)
según - according to
el fondo - depths
sembrar - to plant
dirigida - directed to
golpecitos - taps, hits
el buzón - mailbox
un sello - stamp, (seal)
fe - faith
el sobre - envelope
metió - put in (letter to envelope)
cartero - mailman
gordo y amable - fat and friendly
confianza - confidence
tesoro - treasure
desilusionar - (to disillusion, lose), let down
sueldo - salary
tinta - ink
voluntary - to will
caridad - charity
el campesino - farmer
la mitad - half
entregar - deliever
siguió - continued
un cerro bajo - small mountain (“montañas pequeños”)
cosecha - (crops), harvest
aguacero - rain storm
maduro - ripe
frijol - bean(s)
el corral - corral
gotas - drops
maíz - corn
hacia - towards
la vieja - old lady
Dios lo quiera. - God willing.
avanzar - to advance
cortina - curtain
soplar - to blow
granizos - hail
las perlas heladas - frozen pearls
monedas - coins
exponiéndose - exposing themselves (making available)
de pronto - suddenly
recoger - to pick up, collect
la huerta - garden (of vegetables)
langostas - lobsters
la tempestad - storm
el alma - soul
lamentaciones - (complaining, etc.), lamentations, woe, sadness
mortificado - upset
ojalá que - (I hope that), I wish…
el monte - the field
salado - salty
pasar hambre - to go hungry
afigirse (te aflijas) - to be afflicted
cuyos ojos - whose eyes
fortificado - fortified
una bestia - beast
las conciencias - conscience(s)
rudo - rough (not meaning “rude”)
echar - (to throw), to put; (letter in mailbox)
según - according to
el fondo - depths
sembrar - to plant
dirigida - directed to
golpecitos - taps, hits
el buzón - mailbox
un sello - stamp, (seal)
fe - faith
el sobre - envelope
metió - put in (letter to envelope)
cartero - mailman
gordo y amable - fat and friendly
confianza - confidence
tesoro - treasure
desilusionar - (to disillusion, lose), let down
sueldo - salary
tinta - ink
voluntary - to will
caridad - charity
el campesino - farmer
la mitad - half
entregar - deliever
siguió - continued
APES Atmospheric Pollution & Processes Test Corrections - Shope
2. Under which of the following conditions would excess ozone be expected?
A. sunny summer day
B. hot overcast day
C. rainy winter day
D. clear warm evening
E. rainy summer day
5. Causes of global temperature change are affected by all of the following except
A. polar ice caps
B. rise of sea levels
C. atmospheric gases
D. combustion of fossil fuels
E. planetary orbit & positioning
8. A change in pH from 4 to 6 would represent
A. increased alkalinity by a factor of 2
B. increased acidity by a factor of 2
C. increased acidity by a factor of 100
D. increased alkalinity by a factor of 100
E. an acid that is 20 times stronger
15. Particulate matter is considered harmful to human health when its size is below
A. 1mm
B. 10mm
C. 10 micrometers
D. 25 micrometers
E. 100 micrometers
16. Thermal inversions are usually short term events caused when
A. warm air moves on top of cool air
B. warm air is trapped between layers of cool air
C. cool air replaces warm air
D. pollutants are trapped in warm air
E. cool and warm air mix and trap pollutants
18. Acid “rain” would have the least damaging effect on which of the following?
A. outside statues and monuments
B. plant life at higher elevations
C. freshwater aquatic life
D. human skin
E. leaves
19. Acid deposition has serious secondary consequences as a result of this effect.
A. it damages living tissue
B. acids change pH of freshwater
C. acids react with alkaline compounds to neutralize soil
D. acids raise normal pH of rain from 5.6
E. acids release toxic elements such as lead, mercury
2. A
5. B
8. D
15. C
16. C
18. D
19. E
A. sunny summer day
B. hot overcast day
C. rainy winter day
D. clear warm evening
E. rainy summer day
5. Causes of global temperature change are affected by all of the following except
A. polar ice caps
B. rise of sea levels
C. atmospheric gases
D. combustion of fossil fuels
E. planetary orbit & positioning
8. A change in pH from 4 to 6 would represent
A. increased alkalinity by a factor of 2
B. increased acidity by a factor of 2
C. increased acidity by a factor of 100
D. increased alkalinity by a factor of 100
E. an acid that is 20 times stronger
15. Particulate matter is considered harmful to human health when its size is below
A. 1mm
B. 10mm
C. 10 micrometers
D. 25 micrometers
E. 100 micrometers
16. Thermal inversions are usually short term events caused when
A. warm air moves on top of cool air
B. warm air is trapped between layers of cool air
C. cool air replaces warm air
D. pollutants are trapped in warm air
E. cool and warm air mix and trap pollutants
18. Acid “rain” would have the least damaging effect on which of the following?
A. outside statues and monuments
B. plant life at higher elevations
C. freshwater aquatic life
D. human skin
E. leaves
19. Acid deposition has serious secondary consequences as a result of this effect.
A. it damages living tissue
B. acids change pH of freshwater
C. acids react with alkaline compounds to neutralize soil
D. acids raise normal pH of rain from 5.6
E. acids release toxic elements such as lead, mercury
2. A
5. B
8. D
15. C
16. C
18. D
19. E
APES Pollutants (initial vocab) - Shope
Like usual, I have the notes with normal formatting (outline form) if anyone's interested.
• pathogens
o disease causing agents often resulting when sewage is untreated or enters waters through storm sewers or by being washed into waters after a rain
o examples:
- bacteria
- virus
- protozoans
- worms
• organic chemicals
o pollutants usually made from petroleum products or otherwise containing hydrocarbon
o examples
- oil
- gas
- plastics
- fertilizers
- detergents
• inorganic chemicals
o water soluble
o acids, salts, and plant nutrients
• toxins
o chemicals that directly poison living things
o includes industrial toxins and household chemicals
o examples
- heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium)
- pesticides
• physical pollutants
o suspended solids such as soil
o usually pollute by interfering with photosynthesis
• miscellaneous pollutants
o radioactive wastes
o heat
o genetic (or new species of organisms)
• Biological (Biochemical) Oxygen Demand = BOD
o the need for living things in water to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water
o BOD varies with the growth and reproductive needs of organisms and the availability of nutrients in the water
• pathogens
o disease causing agents often resulting when sewage is untreated or enters waters through storm sewers or by being washed into waters after a rain
o examples:
- bacteria
- virus
- protozoans
- worms
• organic chemicals
o pollutants usually made from petroleum products or otherwise containing hydrocarbon
o examples
- oil
- gas
- plastics
- fertilizers
- detergents
• inorganic chemicals
o water soluble
o acids, salts, and plant nutrients
• toxins
o chemicals that directly poison living things
o includes industrial toxins and household chemicals
o examples
- heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium)
- pesticides
• physical pollutants
o suspended solids such as soil
o usually pollute by interfering with photosynthesis
• miscellaneous pollutants
o radioactive wastes
o heat
o genetic (or new species of organisms)
• Biological (Biochemical) Oxygen Demand = BOD
o the need for living things in water to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water
o BOD varies with the growth and reproductive needs of organisms and the availability of nutrients in the water
Psychology Unit 4 Quiz Corrections - Mason
2. Which cells are located closest to the back of the retina?
A. feature detectors
B. ganglion cells
C. bipolar cells
D. rodes and cones
2. D
A. feature detectors
B. ganglion cells
C. bipolar cells
D. rodes and cones
2. D
Tuesday, October 16, 2007
APES Oceanography Notes - Shope
The formatting here sucks, but I have it nice and pretty (in outline form) with diagrams of the currents if anyone is interested... and if anyone has any questions about this section, let me know. I am obsessed with oceanography. :)
• surface currents are caused by wind (and friction)
• deep currents are caused by density (caused by temperature and salinity): thermohaline circulation; (a.k.a. density currents)
• distribution of water:
o 71% of the Earth is water
o 97% is sea water (salty)
o 3% is freshwater
o 2.997% of which is unavailable for human use (ice, etc.)
o 0.003% available for human use
• salts and ocean water
o about 3.5% of ocean water is composed of salt (saline)
o 85% of that is NaCl (regular table salt)
o also: magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium
• the bottom of the ocean is basically a nutrient sink… aquatic organisms die and remains fall to bottom
• aquatic biomes: marine (saltwater) or freshwater
• coastal biomes
o estuaries: main breeding grounds
o marsh: coastal wetlands
o tidal pools: intertidal
• ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) (“baby boy”)
o not an upwelling
o southern trade winds blow warm equatorial water away from South America and towards Asia as they blow northwest (usual)
o this allows the Peruvian current to upwell with cold, nutrient rich water
o ENSO suppresses upwelling (usual)
o generally happens around Christmastime
o warm water returns toward South America (warm air & clouds return too)
o thermocline is lowered
o less nutrients… less phytoplankton… less fish
o air pressure change: low to South America
o occurs roughly every 3-7 years (hasn’t happened in a while)
o provides fuel for evaporation & storm centers in North America… (ex. ENSO in 1998 caused a lot of snow in Charlotte)
o North American climatologists “discovered” it in 1960s… fishermen in South America had known for 100s of years
o weakens trade winds
o ties into monsoon season in Asia (more monsoons)
o cause of ENSO unknown
• La Niña (“baby girl”)
o increase in normal patterns
• tides
o the diurnal (daily) cycle of water movement caused by lunar gravity and modified by solar gravity
o tides vary with the moon’s distance in orbit and with coastal features
o occur at intervals of about six ours each day on most ocean coasts
o really only has noticeable effect on oceans
o hardly any effect on climate, but has big ecological effects
o not constant day to day because of orbits and coastal features
• types of tides
o high & low
o flood – incoming, low to high
o ebb – outgoing, high to low
o spring – highest tide (MEMS)
o neap – lowest tide
• tide frequency
o diurnal – one of each per day
o semidiurnal – two of each per day
o mixed – one & two or two & one
• waves
o the passing of a wave is essentially a transfer of energy
o the water within the wave moves in a circular pattern
o the depth of movement (a.k.a. the depth of the wave) is equal to 1/2 the wavelength
o a wave will “break” when the depth of the wave is about 1/20 the wavelength
• west wind drift – circles Antarctica (a current)
• surface currents are caused by wind (and friction)
• deep currents are caused by density (caused by temperature and salinity): thermohaline circulation; (a.k.a. density currents)
• distribution of water:
o 71% of the Earth is water
o 97% is sea water (salty)
o 3% is freshwater
o 2.997% of which is unavailable for human use (ice, etc.)
o 0.003% available for human use
• salts and ocean water
o about 3.5% of ocean water is composed of salt (saline)
o 85% of that is NaCl (regular table salt)
o also: magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium
• the bottom of the ocean is basically a nutrient sink… aquatic organisms die and remains fall to bottom
• aquatic biomes: marine (saltwater) or freshwater
• coastal biomes
o estuaries: main breeding grounds
o marsh: coastal wetlands
o tidal pools: intertidal
• ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) (“baby boy”)
o not an upwelling
o southern trade winds blow warm equatorial water away from South America and towards Asia as they blow northwest (usual)
o this allows the Peruvian current to upwell with cold, nutrient rich water
o ENSO suppresses upwelling (usual)
o generally happens around Christmastime
o warm water returns toward South America (warm air & clouds return too)
o thermocline is lowered
o less nutrients… less phytoplankton… less fish
o air pressure change: low to South America
o occurs roughly every 3-7 years (hasn’t happened in a while)
o provides fuel for evaporation & storm centers in North America… (ex. ENSO in 1998 caused a lot of snow in Charlotte)
o North American climatologists “discovered” it in 1960s… fishermen in South America had known for 100s of years
o weakens trade winds
o ties into monsoon season in Asia (more monsoons)
o cause of ENSO unknown
• La Niña (“baby girl”)
o increase in normal patterns
• tides
o the diurnal (daily) cycle of water movement caused by lunar gravity and modified by solar gravity
o tides vary with the moon’s distance in orbit and with coastal features
o occur at intervals of about six ours each day on most ocean coasts
o really only has noticeable effect on oceans
o hardly any effect on climate, but has big ecological effects
o not constant day to day because of orbits and coastal features
• types of tides
o high & low
o flood – incoming, low to high
o ebb – outgoing, high to low
o spring – highest tide (MEMS)
o neap – lowest tide
• tide frequency
o diurnal – one of each per day
o semidiurnal – two of each per day
o mixed – one & two or two & one
• waves
o the passing of a wave is essentially a transfer of energy
o the water within the wave moves in a circular pattern
o the depth of movement (a.k.a. the depth of the wave) is equal to 1/2 the wavelength
o a wave will “break” when the depth of the wave is about 1/20 the wavelength
• west wind drift – circles Antarctica (a current)
APES Oceanography Vocab - Shope
littoral: belonging to or found on or near the shore
intertidal: shoreline area between the high and low tide marks
continental shelf: that region of the continental land mass submerged under the ocean
continental slope: the descending drop-off from the continent to the ocean floor
abyssal plain: the bottom of the ocean; the ocean floor; ("abyss" means deep)
seamount: "sea mountain"; often refers to volcanic mountains formed from the abyssal plain
neritic: waters near the shore or coastline
pelagic: the main surface waters of the ocean
benthic: deep ocean waters
gyre: a very large circular flow of water in the ocean; (ring)
thermocline: a layer in a large body of water where the temperature makes a sharp change with a major change in the temperature gradient
halocline: a sharp change in salinity; ("halo" means salt)
plankton: small free floating/drifting aquatic life; vital for life
phytoplankton: photosynthetic (plant) plankton
zooplankton: animal plankton
nekton: swimming (mobile) aquatic life
upwelling: an oceanic process whereby prevailing winds force warm surface water away from coastlines, allowing cool, nutrient rich water to rise to the surface, thus increasing food supplies for aquatic life
wave: the moving swell of water caused by the energy of wind, tides, or currents
wave crest: top (highest point of wave)
wave trough: lowest point between two successive waves
wave height: vertical difference between crest & trough
wave length: horizontal difference between two crests
wave period: elapsed time between two passing crests
wave of oscillation: passage of energy through water without movement of the water; most common type of wave
wave of translation: a near-shore wave that "breaks" causing water to move forward
intertidal: shoreline area between the high and low tide marks
continental shelf: that region of the continental land mass submerged under the ocean
continental slope: the descending drop-off from the continent to the ocean floor
abyssal plain: the bottom of the ocean; the ocean floor; ("abyss" means deep)
seamount: "sea mountain"; often refers to volcanic mountains formed from the abyssal plain
neritic: waters near the shore or coastline
pelagic: the main surface waters of the ocean
benthic: deep ocean waters
gyre: a very large circular flow of water in the ocean; (ring)
thermocline: a layer in a large body of water where the temperature makes a sharp change with a major change in the temperature gradient
halocline: a sharp change in salinity; ("halo" means salt)
plankton: small free floating/drifting aquatic life; vital for life
phytoplankton: photosynthetic (plant) plankton
zooplankton: animal plankton
nekton: swimming (mobile) aquatic life
upwelling: an oceanic process whereby prevailing winds force warm surface water away from coastlines, allowing cool, nutrient rich water to rise to the surface, thus increasing food supplies for aquatic life
wave: the moving swell of water caused by the energy of wind, tides, or currents
wave crest: top (highest point of wave)
wave trough: lowest point between two successive waves
wave height: vertical difference between crest & trough
wave length: horizontal difference between two crests
wave period: elapsed time between two passing crests
wave of oscillation: passage of energy through water without movement of the water; most common type of wave
wave of translation: a near-shore wave that "breaks" causing water to move forward
Saturday, October 6, 2007
Psychology Text Notes pg.193-199 - Mason
sensation – the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
perception – the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
bottom-up processing – analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
top-down processing – information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
psychophysics – the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience to them
absolute threshold – the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus fifty percent of the time
signal detection theory – a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”); assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue
subliminal – below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
difference threshold – the minimum difference between the two stimuli required for detection fifty percent of the time; we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference; also called just noticeable difference or jnd.
Weber’s law – the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
perception – the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
bottom-up processing – analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
top-down processing – information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
psychophysics – the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience to them
absolute threshold – the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus fifty percent of the time
signal detection theory – a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”); assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue
subliminal – below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
difference threshold – the minimum difference between the two stimuli required for detection fifty percent of the time; we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference; also called just noticeable difference or jnd.
Weber’s law – the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
Wednesday, October 3, 2007
Psychology Test 2 Corrections (Research Methods) - Mason
20. Which of the following is the measure of variation that is most affected by extreme scores?
A. mode
B. range
C. standard deviation
D. mean
31. Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate
A. the need to use statistics
B. the need for a representative sample
C. concerns over validity
D. many confounding variables
33. The __________ is a measure of ___________.
A. correlation coefficient; central tendency
B. median, central tendency
C. mode; variation
D. mean; variation
E. standard deviation, central tendency
35. The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment’s results is called
A. representative sampling
B. variable controlling
C. stratification
D. random assignment
48. Given a normal distribution of IQ scores with mean score of 100 and standard deviation of 15: your IQ score is 115, what percentile is your IQ score in?
A. 34th
B. 68th
C. 50th
D. 99th
E. 84th
20. B
31. D
33. B
35. D
48. E
A. mode
B. range
C. standard deviation
D. mean
31. Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate
A. the need to use statistics
B. the need for a representative sample
C. concerns over validity
D. many confounding variables
33. The __________ is a measure of ___________.
A. correlation coefficient; central tendency
B. median, central tendency
C. mode; variation
D. mean; variation
E. standard deviation, central tendency
35. The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment’s results is called
A. representative sampling
B. variable controlling
C. stratification
D. random assignment
48. Given a normal distribution of IQ scores with mean score of 100 and standard deviation of 15: your IQ score is 115, what percentile is your IQ score in?
A. 34th
B. 68th
C. 50th
D. 99th
E. 84th
20. B
31. D
33. B
35. D
48. E
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)