Tropical Infectious Diseases - Research
• A – Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
o vector: Tsetse fly
o symptoms
• massive stimulation of immune system
• generalized pain, weakness, cramps
• swelling of neck lymph nodes
• apathy, mental dullness
• tremors, convulsions
• sleepiness, coma
• rapid weight loss
o Sub-Saharan Africa
o 20,000 new cases a year
• B – Schistosomiasis
o parasitic disease
o leads to chronic ill health
o Central China & Egypt… other developing countries as well
o documented existence since the time of the Egyptian pharaohs
o indicated by blood in urine or serious complications involving the liver and spleen
o infected by contact with water used in normal daily activities (hygiene, swimming, fishing, irrigation, etc.)
o infected individuals may contaminate their water supply with feces or urine due to lack of information or insufficient attention to hygiene
• C – Lassa Fever
o acute viral illness
o West Africa
o zoonotic (rodent)
o transferred through…
• direct contact with rodent’s urine or droppings
• touching objects or eating food contaminated with these materials
• open cuts or sores
o endemic (constantly present)
o mild, no symptoms in 80% of infected people
o symptoms present 1 – 3 weeks later
• varied and non-specific
• fever
• sore throat
• back pain, abdominal pain
• cough
• vomiting, diarrhea
• hearing loss, tremors
o 100,000 – 300,000 new cases per year
• D – Filariasis
o caused by parasitic worms transmitted by mosquitoes
o extremely rare in Western countries
o biggest symptom: elephantiasis
• thickening of skin and underlying tissues
• caused when parasites lodge in the lymphatic system
• mainly affects lower extremities
• not known to be fatal, though it can cause a fair amount of pain
o other symptoms
• swelling (lymph nodes, arm, leg, etc.)
• fever, aches, pain
• thickened skin
• warty skin appearance
o endemic in tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central America, South America
o 120 million people infected
• E – River Blindness
o world’s second leading infectious cause of blindness
o caused by a parasitic worm that can live in the body for up to 15 years
o symptoms
• skin: intense itching, swelling, inflammation, loss of elasticity
• blindness
• skin cancer
o West and Central Africa
o about 18 million infected… 300,000 irreversibly blind
• F – West Nile Virus
o tropical and temperate regions
o mainly infects birds
o main route to human infection: via mosquito
o symptoms
• nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea
• tiredness, decreased level of consciousness (near-coma), coma
• stupor, disorientation
• fever, headache
• skin rash (trunk of body)
• neck stiffness
• tremors, convulsions
• muscle weakness, paralysis
o symptoms generally last for a few days
o deadly if it enters the brain
• G – SARS
o Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
o has been one near pandemic in 2002/2003
o originated in China
o symptoms
• initially are flu-like
• high fever (above 100.4F)
• lethargy
• muscle pain
• gastrointestinal symptoms
• cough, sore throat
o caused by virus from same family as the common cold
o much more harmful to animals than humans
o airborne
• H – Trichinosis
o parasitic disease
o caused by: eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game infected with larvae
o person-person spread doesn’t occur
o symptoms (usually 10 – 14 days after infection)
• fever
• muscle soreness
• pain and swelling around eyes
• thirst
• profuse sweating, chills
• weakness, tiredness
• chest pain
o partial immunity may develop
o fatal if not treated
• I – Prions
o infectious agents composed of only protein
o cause a number of diseases in a variety of animals
o cause neurodegenerative disease
o “holes” in normal tissue structure
o very long incubation period
o once symptoms appear, the disease progresses rapidly… leading to brain damage and death
o symptoms include
• convulsions
• dementia
• ataxia (balance and coordination dysfunction)
• behavioral or personality changes
o primary transmission unknown… may be ingestion
Saturday, December 8, 2007
Friday, December 7, 2007
APES Environmental Toxins - Shope
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS
• Mercury (Hg)
o manufacturing, mining, burning coal
o high levels in some fish (large predatory fish) due biomagnification
o neurotoxin… causes brain damage
• Lead (Pb)
o paints, manufacturing, some gasoline
o neurotoxin (especially harmful to children)
• DDT (DDD, DDE)
o insecticide
o systematic (general) poison – affects all systems in the body
o nervous system, liver, kidney
o now only used when approved… to combat very high risk of malaria
• PCB
o electrical manufacturing
o high levels in some fish
o nervous system, thyroid, hormone problems
o still used… just controlled
• Dioxin
o a family of 70+ chemicals
o pesticides, manufacturing, burning
o cancer, neurological problems
o “Agent Orange” - used in warfare to immediately kill forests
o kills rodents, insects, weeds
• VOC
o volatile organic compounds
o higher levels indoors
o carpets, paints, cosmetics, cleaning fluids
o cancer, respiratory problems, neurological
o some are naturally produced by plants
o plants communicate via chemicals
• asbestos
o insulation
o cancer, respiratory problems
• heavy metals
o drinking water, pesticides, antiperspirants
o cancer, neurological problems
o can be released from soil/rock by acids
• Mercury (Hg)
o manufacturing, mining, burning coal
o high levels in some fish (large predatory fish) due biomagnification
o neurotoxin… causes brain damage
• Lead (Pb)
o paints, manufacturing, some gasoline
o neurotoxin (especially harmful to children)
• DDT (DDD, DDE)
o insecticide
o systematic (general) poison – affects all systems in the body
o nervous system, liver, kidney
o now only used when approved… to combat very high risk of malaria
• PCB
o electrical manufacturing
o high levels in some fish
o nervous system, thyroid, hormone problems
o still used… just controlled
• Dioxin
o a family of 70+ chemicals
o pesticides, manufacturing, burning
o cancer, neurological problems
o “Agent Orange” - used in warfare to immediately kill forests
o kills rodents, insects, weeds
• VOC
o volatile organic compounds
o higher levels indoors
o carpets, paints, cosmetics, cleaning fluids
o cancer, respiratory problems, neurological
o some are naturally produced by plants
o plants communicate via chemicals
• asbestos
o insulation
o cancer, respiratory problems
• heavy metals
o drinking water, pesticides, antiperspirants
o cancer, neurological problems
o can be released from soil/rock by acids
APES Health Toxins General Notes - Shope
HEALTH TOXINS
• morbidity
o causing disease
• mortality
o causing death (death rates)
• toxins
o poisons/chemicals that have adverse health effects
• toxicology
o the study of poisons
• toxicity
o the measure of how harmful a poison is
• note: all chemicals can be considered toxins at some level
• classes of toxins
o A – asphyxiants – toxins that interfere with breathing
o B – allergens – toxins that cause a physical reaction as an immune response
o C – neurotoxins – damage or paralyze nerves
o D – irritants – inflame skin or epithelial tissue
o e – mutagens – toxins causing damage to DNA
o f – teratagens – toxins causing birth defects
o g – carcinogens – cancer causing
• LD50
o a measure of toxicity
o the amount of a chemical that will cause death in 50% of the a population
o usually measured in milligrams of toxins per kilogram of body weight
o ex.: give toxin to lab rat… this it the point at which 50% of them die
• ED50
o the amount needed to have a certain effect on 50% of the population
o effect can be good (cure) or bad (headaches, nausea)
• dose – response
o linear – slope depending on severity
o threshold – tolerance until a certain point… most substances have this
• bioaccumulation
o an increase in the concentration of a chemical over time
o it occurs when a chemical is taken in faster than it can be eliminated
o usually occurs with fat soluble chemicals
• biomagnification
o chemical becomes more concentrated as it moves up food chain
o ex.: the concentration of DDT in the fatty tissues of organisms in a food chain (studied by Rachel Carson)
• Thalidomide
o 1960s
o popular in Europe
o came to US… approved by FDA
o given to pregnant women to fight nausea
o causes birth defects in children: teratagen
o was banned but is now being used (carefully) to treat some adult neurological disorders (?)
• morbidity
o causing disease
• mortality
o causing death (death rates)
• toxins
o poisons/chemicals that have adverse health effects
• toxicology
o the study of poisons
• toxicity
o the measure of how harmful a poison is
• note: all chemicals can be considered toxins at some level
• classes of toxins
o A – asphyxiants – toxins that interfere with breathing
o B – allergens – toxins that cause a physical reaction as an immune response
o C – neurotoxins – damage or paralyze nerves
o D – irritants – inflame skin or epithelial tissue
o e – mutagens – toxins causing damage to DNA
o f – teratagens – toxins causing birth defects
o g – carcinogens – cancer causing
• LD50
o a measure of toxicity
o the amount of a chemical that will cause death in 50% of the a population
o usually measured in milligrams of toxins per kilogram of body weight
o ex.: give toxin to lab rat… this it the point at which 50% of them die
• ED50
o the amount needed to have a certain effect on 50% of the population
o effect can be good (cure) or bad (headaches, nausea)
• dose – response
o linear – slope depending on severity
o threshold – tolerance until a certain point… most substances have this
• bioaccumulation
o an increase in the concentration of a chemical over time
o it occurs when a chemical is taken in faster than it can be eliminated
o usually occurs with fat soluble chemicals
• biomagnification
o chemical becomes more concentrated as it moves up food chain
o ex.: the concentration of DDT in the fatty tissues of organisms in a food chain (studied by Rachel Carson)
• Thalidomide
o 1960s
o popular in Europe
o came to US… approved by FDA
o given to pregnant women to fight nausea
o causes birth defects in children: teratagen
o was banned but is now being used (carefully) to treat some adult neurological disorders (?)
APES Infectious Diseases (STDs) - Shope
STDs
• sexually transmitted diseases
• bacterial – Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
• viral – genital warts, genital herpes, hepatitis B, AIDS
• #1 STD in US = Chlamydia… relatively curable (with antibiotics)
• sexually transmitted diseases
• bacterial – Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
• viral – genital warts, genital herpes, hepatitis B, AIDS
• #1 STD in US = Chlamydia… relatively curable (with antibiotics)
APES Infectious Diseases (fungal/parasitic) - Shope
FUNGAL / PARASITIC
o mycoses
• scientific term for fungal diseases
• can lie dormant for years until touched
o “curse of the pharaohs”
• scientists and tomb raiders opened tombs
• breathed in air full of ancient fungal spores
• got very sick
o worms
• 60% of human population of the world is infected with some type of worm… most: unknowingly
• some help (aid digestion, etc.)
• a parasite
• won’t try to kill host… it would die too
o mycoses
• scientific term for fungal diseases
• can lie dormant for years until touched
o “curse of the pharaohs”
• scientists and tomb raiders opened tombs
• breathed in air full of ancient fungal spores
• got very sick
o worms
• 60% of human population of the world is infected with some type of worm… most: unknowingly
• some help (aid digestion, etc.)
• a parasite
• won’t try to kill host… it would die too
APES Infectious Diseases (protozoan) - Shope
PROTOZOAN
o malaria
• spread via mosquitoes
• living creature
• produces spores
• spores attach to liver
• destroys red blood cells
• not lethal for healthy person
• major killer for little children, babies
• about 110 kids/babies die each hour from malaria
o malaria
• spread via mosquitoes
• living creature
• produces spores
• spores attach to liver
• destroys red blood cells
• not lethal for healthy person
• major killer for little children, babies
• about 110 kids/babies die each hour from malaria
APES Infectious Diseases (bacterial) - Shope
BACTERIAL
o tuberculosis
• TB
• #1 killer, as far as infectious diseases go
• was gone…
• is now coming back
o tetanus
• mostly gone in modern world
• “lockjaw”
• total muscle contraction
o typhus & typhoid fever
• typhus = lungs
• typhoid fever = diarrheal
• “disaster disease”
o bubonic plague
• #1 epidemic killer of all time
• “black death”
• killed 1 in 3 Europeans
• used in combat/war
o anthrax
• zoonotic (mostly cattle disease)
• attacks lungs
• not airborne
• big scare after 9-11
o cholera
• diarrheal
• infection of food, water
• mutates rapidly
• gets milder (or can get milder)
o leprosy / Hansen’s disease
• almost gone
• close to TB
o diphtheria
• “disaster disease”
• airborne
• blisters on lungs
o whooping cough
• fairly common
• respiratory
o lyme
• from tick
• 1st case in Lyme, Connecticut (hence the name)
o tuberculosis
• TB
• #1 killer, as far as infectious diseases go
• was gone…
• is now coming back
o tetanus
• mostly gone in modern world
• “lockjaw”
• total muscle contraction
o typhus & typhoid fever
• typhus = lungs
• typhoid fever = diarrheal
• “disaster disease”
o bubonic plague
• #1 epidemic killer of all time
• “black death”
• killed 1 in 3 Europeans
• used in combat/war
o anthrax
• zoonotic (mostly cattle disease)
• attacks lungs
• not airborne
• big scare after 9-11
o cholera
• diarrheal
• infection of food, water
• mutates rapidly
• gets milder (or can get milder)
o leprosy / Hansen’s disease
• almost gone
• close to TB
o diphtheria
• “disaster disease”
• airborne
• blisters on lungs
o whooping cough
• fairly common
• respiratory
o lyme
• from tick
• 1st case in Lyme, Connecticut (hence the name)
APES Infectious Diseases (viral) - Shope
Infectious Diseases – major / historically significant / common / communicable (transmissible) disease
VIRAL
o HIV / AIDS
• number 2 epidemic disease
• can lie dormant for (long) time before becoming active
o Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E)
• A – minor, relatively common… especially in children
• B & C – very serious
• D – very rare (often mutation of B or C)
• E – almost non-existent (has never been a case in the US)
• spread by… physical contact (with the exception of A: spread by ingestion… dirty food, putting dirty hands in mouth, etc.)
o smallpox
• now “extinct” (aside from some in a fridge in Atlanta, Moscow)
• transmitted by airborne virus
• used in combat/war
• officially announced that it was gone – 1980
• first disease for which a vaccine was developed…
o Edward Jenner
• British physician in the late 1700s
• traveled country healing people
• noticed that most girls (milkmaids) didn’t have smallpox
• they had contracted cowpox and developed immunity
• meanwhile… inoculation (smallpox: prick skin = immune?)
• Jenner heard about this
• took scrape of smallpox
• heated (weakened) sample then injected into healthy person
• 1st vaccine – 1790
• even vaccinated his own son
• “credited with saving more people than any other in history” (i)
o herpes
• about 8 strains known… HHV = “human herpes virus”
• is a retrovirus: viral DNA attaches to host DNA and becomes part of the genetic make-up of host
• HHV-1 – cold… cold sores = excess protein produced; permanent
• HHV-2 – genital herpes
• HHV-3 – chicken pox
• HHV-4 – Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis, “mono”, “kissing disease”)
• HHV-5, HHV-6, HHV-7 – cause rashes
o rabies
• one of the oldest known diseases
• no cure
• only preventative treatment soon after bite
• if not pretreated… most likely fatal: only one known survivor after the fact (and he had brain damage)
o polio
• mostly gone… few/none in the US in the last 40-50 years
• making a comeback
• devastating in US in 1940s/1950s
• nerve disease
• kills nerves “instantly” (within hours… go to bed fine, wake up paralyzed)
• ex.: FDR
• mostly children… killing or crippling
• Jonas Salk created plan to fight polio – completely “kill” (destroy all DNA) of virus before injection, not just weakening it
• still must be immunized before entering school
o cold / rhinovirus
• over 300 types
• can’t get the same type more than once
• no cure
o influenza
• zoonotic disease (we get it from animals)
• differs from year to year, depending on animal of origin
• most start in China/Asia
• current: avian flu… not yet airborne
o pneumonia
• can be bacterial or viral
• #1 killer of… people with immunological diseases (ex. AIDS), people with cancer, older people
o measles, rubella, mumps
• vaccine necessary before entering school: “MMR”
• rubella = “German measles”… mostly dangerous for pregnant women
o dengue – hemorrhagic fever
• causes bleeding… sometimes even through eyes
• very deadly
• 2 strains: 1 causes sickness, other immediately causes death
o Ebola
• causes bleeding
• very deadly
• has developed 5th strain
• not yet airborne
• mostly Africa (Zaire)
o yellow fever
• transferred via mosquito
• big problem in Central America
• vaccine was created so workers could build Panama Canal
VIRAL
o HIV / AIDS
• number 2 epidemic disease
• can lie dormant for (long) time before becoming active
o Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E)
• A – minor, relatively common… especially in children
• B & C – very serious
• D – very rare (often mutation of B or C)
• E – almost non-existent (has never been a case in the US)
• spread by… physical contact (with the exception of A: spread by ingestion… dirty food, putting dirty hands in mouth, etc.)
o smallpox
• now “extinct” (aside from some in a fridge in Atlanta, Moscow)
• transmitted by airborne virus
• used in combat/war
• officially announced that it was gone – 1980
• first disease for which a vaccine was developed…
o Edward Jenner
• British physician in the late 1700s
• traveled country healing people
• noticed that most girls (milkmaids) didn’t have smallpox
• they had contracted cowpox and developed immunity
• meanwhile… inoculation (smallpox: prick skin = immune?)
• Jenner heard about this
• took scrape of smallpox
• heated (weakened) sample then injected into healthy person
• 1st vaccine – 1790
• even vaccinated his own son
• “credited with saving more people than any other in history” (i)
o herpes
• about 8 strains known… HHV = “human herpes virus”
• is a retrovirus: viral DNA attaches to host DNA and becomes part of the genetic make-up of host
• HHV-1 – cold… cold sores = excess protein produced; permanent
• HHV-2 – genital herpes
• HHV-3 – chicken pox
• HHV-4 – Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis, “mono”, “kissing disease”)
• HHV-5, HHV-6, HHV-7 – cause rashes
o rabies
• one of the oldest known diseases
• no cure
• only preventative treatment soon after bite
• if not pretreated… most likely fatal: only one known survivor after the fact (and he had brain damage)
o polio
• mostly gone… few/none in the US in the last 40-50 years
• making a comeback
• devastating in US in 1940s/1950s
• nerve disease
• kills nerves “instantly” (within hours… go to bed fine, wake up paralyzed)
• ex.: FDR
• mostly children… killing or crippling
• Jonas Salk created plan to fight polio – completely “kill” (destroy all DNA) of virus before injection, not just weakening it
• still must be immunized before entering school
o cold / rhinovirus
• over 300 types
• can’t get the same type more than once
• no cure
o influenza
• zoonotic disease (we get it from animals)
• differs from year to year, depending on animal of origin
• most start in China/Asia
• current: avian flu… not yet airborne
o pneumonia
• can be bacterial or viral
• #1 killer of… people with immunological diseases (ex. AIDS), people with cancer, older people
o measles, rubella, mumps
• vaccine necessary before entering school: “MMR”
• rubella = “German measles”… mostly dangerous for pregnant women
o dengue – hemorrhagic fever
• causes bleeding… sometimes even through eyes
• very deadly
• 2 strains: 1 causes sickness, other immediately causes death
o Ebola
• causes bleeding
• very deadly
• has developed 5th strain
• not yet airborne
• mostly Africa (Zaire)
o yellow fever
• transferred via mosquito
• big problem in Central America
• vaccine was created so workers could build Panama Canal
APES Infectious Disease General Notes - Shope
For ease of formatting, this chapter is broken up into sections and different spacing and numbering has been changed. If you want me to send you a copy of the full notes in one document, just let me know!
• 5 classes of infectious disease
o A – blood borne – HIV
o B – respiratory – TB
o C – diarrheal – cholera
o D – parasitic – malaria
o E – contact - STDs
• disease vectors (vector = a mode of transfer; how a disease is carried)
o insects – mosquito, tick, etc.
o water/food – usually intestinal diseases
o airborne – usually respiratory diseases
• 4 classes of pathogens (pathogen = anything causing disease)
o bacteria
o virus
o parasites – worms, fungus
o protozoans
o note: some chemicals cause disease but are classified as toxins
• epidemiology
o the branch of medicine dealing with the study and control of disease
• epidemic
o a widespread disease
• pandemic
o an epidemic in a very wide area (a country or the entire world)
• endemic
o (of a people); restricted to a local population or group
• Lister
o late 1800s
o campaigned for more cleanliness on part of doctors
o (at a time when people didn’t worry about germs, etc.)
• Tuberculosis (TB)
o #1 infectious disease
o has killed more people than any other disease
o a.k.a. “consumption”
o (more notes on TB later)
• worst epidemic diseases… #1 = bubonic plague, #2 = HIV/AIDS
• drug resistance
o MDR = multi-drug resistant
o DR = drug resistant
o MR = multi-resistant
o ex. – MRSA
• 5 classes of infectious disease
o A – blood borne – HIV
o B – respiratory – TB
o C – diarrheal – cholera
o D – parasitic – malaria
o E – contact - STDs
• disease vectors (vector = a mode of transfer; how a disease is carried)
o insects – mosquito, tick, etc.
o water/food – usually intestinal diseases
o airborne – usually respiratory diseases
• 4 classes of pathogens (pathogen = anything causing disease)
o bacteria
o virus
o parasites – worms, fungus
o protozoans
o note: some chemicals cause disease but are classified as toxins
• epidemiology
o the branch of medicine dealing with the study and control of disease
• epidemic
o a widespread disease
• pandemic
o an epidemic in a very wide area (a country or the entire world)
• endemic
o (of a people); restricted to a local population or group
• Lister
o late 1800s
o campaigned for more cleanliness on part of doctors
o (at a time when people didn’t worry about germs, etc.)
• Tuberculosis (TB)
o #1 infectious disease
o has killed more people than any other disease
o a.k.a. “consumption”
o (more notes on TB later)
• worst epidemic diseases… #1 = bubonic plague, #2 = HIV/AIDS
• drug resistance
o MDR = multi-drug resistant
o DR = drug resistant
o MR = multi-resistant
o ex. – MRSA
Sunday, December 2, 2007
Phys Electrostatics Notes - Modine
Electrostatics
1. Electrostatic or Static Charge
2. Law of Charges
• opposites attract
• likes repel
3. Types of Charges
• positive
• negative
• neutral
4. Insulator
• object that electricity will not pass through
• has high resistance
• ex.: wood, rubber, pure water, plastic, fiberglass, glass
5. Conductor
• allows electricity to pass
• ex.: metals, silver (absolute best), silicon (computer chips)
6. Charging
• induction = charging without contact
• conduction = charging with contact
• grounding = electricity wants to find path of least resistance to the ground
7. Coulomb’s Law
• F = ( (k)(q1)(q2) ) / ( (r2) )
• F is F (sub e)
• k = constant = 9.0 x 109
• q = charge
• r = distance between charges
8. Charge of an Electron
• e- = 1.6 x 10-19 c
• c = Coulombs (unit for charge)
9. Total Charge
• Q = (N) (e-)
• Q = total charge
• N = 3 of e-
10. Electrical Field
1. Electrostatic or Static Charge
2. Law of Charges
• opposites attract
• likes repel
3. Types of Charges
• positive
• negative
• neutral
4. Insulator
• object that electricity will not pass through
• has high resistance
• ex.: wood, rubber, pure water, plastic, fiberglass, glass
5. Conductor
• allows electricity to pass
• ex.: metals, silver (absolute best), silicon (computer chips)
6. Charging
• induction = charging without contact
• conduction = charging with contact
• grounding = electricity wants to find path of least resistance to the ground
7. Coulomb’s Law
• F = ( (k)(q1)(q2) ) / ( (r2) )
• F is F (sub e)
• k = constant = 9.0 x 109
• q = charge
• r = distance between charges
8. Charge of an Electron
• e- = 1.6 x 10-19 c
• c = Coulombs (unit for charge)
9. Total Charge
• Q = (N) (e-)
• Q = total charge
• N = 3 of e-
10. Electrical Field
Saturday, November 17, 2007
Esp5 Test 2 General Comments - Calvar
• be careful with verb endings
• mi --> a mí
• the news = las noticias
• the business = el negocio
• a company = una compañía
• hace : present or preterit
• hacía : imperfect
• es bueno que… : use subjunctive
• novio = groom, (boyfriend)
• novia = bride, (girlfriend)
• telling a story = contar el cuento (NOT decir)
• the rule = la regla
• only use the usted form if specifically told
• candy = los dulces
• mom = mama (only use “madre” if asked for “mother”)
• hand her the papers = entrégaselos
• mi --> a mí
• the news = las noticias
• the business = el negocio
• a company = una compañía
• hace : present or preterit
• hacía : imperfect
• es bueno que… : use subjunctive
• novio = groom, (boyfriend)
• novia = bride, (girlfriend)
• telling a story = contar el cuento (NOT decir)
• the rule = la regla
• only use the usted form if specifically told
• candy = los dulces
• mom = mama (only use “madre” if asked for “mother”)
• hand her the papers = entrégaselos
Esp5 Test Two Accent Marks - Calvar
Héctor
sábado
helicóptero
álbum
diurético
llévemelo
dígamelo
causa
oiga
suave
fuerte
cómelo
murciélago
héroe
teatro
conductor
abrigo
desafinado
fácilmente
sobrenatural
sábado
helicóptero
álbum
diurético
llévemelo
dígamelo
causa
oiga
suave
fuerte
cómelo
murciélago
héroe
teatro
conductor
abrigo
desafinado
fácilmente
sobrenatural
Esp5 Test Two Verbs - Calvar
adquirir – to acquire
almorzar – to have lunch
atraer – to attract
caber – to fit
confiar – to entrust, confide
conmover – to move, touch
contar – to tell, count
convencer – to convince
despedirse – to say goodbye
despertarse – to wake (up)
detener – to stop, halt
distinguir – to recognize, distinguish
doler – to hurt, ache
establecer – to establish
estremecerse – to shudder, tremble
exigir – to demand
fingir – to pretend
gemir – to groan
gobernar – to govern
graduarse – to graduate
hervir – to boil
huir – to run away, flee
impedir – to impede, hinder
incluir – to include
influir – to influence
jugar – to play
lucir – to shine, wear, display
medir – to measure
mentir – to lie, tell lies
mover – to move
nevar – to snow
oír – to hear
oler – to smell
oponerse – to be opposed, object
padecer – to suffer from
perseguir – to chase, persecute, pursue
quebrar – to break
reír – to laugh
remendar – to mend, patch
reñir – to quarrel, argue
resfriarse – to catch (a) cold
resolver – to resolve
soler – to be in the habit of
tener – to have
tronar – to thunder
vencer – to defeat, beat, overcome
volar – to fly
almorzar – to have lunch
atraer – to attract
caber – to fit
confiar – to entrust, confide
conmover – to move, touch
contar – to tell, count
convencer – to convince
despedirse – to say goodbye
despertarse – to wake (up)
detener – to stop, halt
distinguir – to recognize, distinguish
doler – to hurt, ache
establecer – to establish
estremecerse – to shudder, tremble
exigir – to demand
fingir – to pretend
gemir – to groan
gobernar – to govern
graduarse – to graduate
hervir – to boil
huir – to run away, flee
impedir – to impede, hinder
incluir – to include
influir – to influence
jugar – to play
lucir – to shine, wear, display
medir – to measure
mentir – to lie, tell lies
mover – to move
nevar – to snow
oír – to hear
oler – to smell
oponerse – to be opposed, object
padecer – to suffer from
perseguir – to chase, persecute, pursue
quebrar – to break
reír – to laugh
remendar – to mend, patch
reñir – to quarrel, argue
resfriarse – to catch (a) cold
resolver – to resolve
soler – to be in the habit of
tener – to have
tronar – to thunder
vencer – to defeat, beat, overcome
volar – to fly
Esp5 Test Two Translations - Calvar
1. He disappears from the room as easily as he appears.
El desaparece del cuarto tan fácilmente como aparece.
2. I loathe injustice.
Yo aborrezco la injusticia.
3. The woman translates for an international company.
La mujer traduce para una compañía internacional.
4. I don’t lack anything; thank God.
No me falta nada, gracias a Dios.
5. We have been waiting for the news since yesterday.
Desde ayer, hemos estado esperando las noticias.
6. How long has it been since the business has established itself?
¿Desde cuándo hace que el negocio se estableció?
How long has it been since the business has established itself?
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que el negocio se ha establacido?
7. I don’t tell lies.
No miento.
I don’t tell lies.
No digo mentiras.
8. In the spring the crops bloom.
Las cosechas florecen en la primavera.
9. It’s good that he produces enough money.
Es bueno que él produzca suficiente dinero.
10. We’ve been resting since half an hour ago.
Hemos estado descansado desde hace media hora.
11. Why does your boyfriend say such things?
¿Por qué dice tu novio tales cosas?
12. I deserve the award because I worked for it.
Merezco el premio porque trabajé duro por él.
El desaparece del cuarto tan fácilmente como aparece.
2. I loathe injustice.
Yo aborrezco la injusticia.
3. The woman translates for an international company.
La mujer traduce para una compañía internacional.
4. I don’t lack anything; thank God.
No me falta nada, gracias a Dios.
5. We have been waiting for the news since yesterday.
Desde ayer, hemos estado esperando las noticias.
6. How long has it been since the business has established itself?
¿Desde cuándo hace que el negocio se estableció?
How long has it been since the business has established itself?
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que el negocio se ha establacido?
7. I don’t tell lies.
No miento.
I don’t tell lies.
No digo mentiras.
8. In the spring the crops bloom.
Las cosechas florecen en la primavera.
9. It’s good that he produces enough money.
Es bueno que él produzca suficiente dinero.
10. We’ve been resting since half an hour ago.
Hemos estado descansado desde hace media hora.
11. Why does your boyfriend say such things?
¿Por qué dice tu novio tales cosas?
12. I deserve the award because I worked for it.
Merezco el premio porque trabajé duro por él.
Thursday, November 8, 2007
APES Geology Rocks Vocab - Shope
Geology Rocks!
• magma
o molten rock formed beneath the earth’s crust
o creates igneous rock
• extrusive
o rock formed by flowing magma such as from a volcano
• intrusive
o rock formed by “injected” magma as into a fissure or crevice
• igneous
o (fire, ignite)
o rock formed from melted materials
• metamorphic
o (meta = change, morph = form)
o altered rock, formed from different materials
• sedimentary
o (sediment = settled particles)
o rock formed from action of water
• detrital material
o rock formed from small material washed away then solidified
• lithification
o the process of forming rocks
• foliation
o (foliage = plants, leaves)
o rocks forming in “leaf-like” layers
o i.e.: shale
• magma
o molten rock formed beneath the earth’s crust
o creates igneous rock
• extrusive
o rock formed by flowing magma such as from a volcano
• intrusive
o rock formed by “injected” magma as into a fissure or crevice
• igneous
o (fire, ignite)
o rock formed from melted materials
• metamorphic
o (meta = change, morph = form)
o altered rock, formed from different materials
• sedimentary
o (sediment = settled particles)
o rock formed from action of water
• detrital material
o rock formed from small material washed away then solidified
• lithification
o the process of forming rocks
• foliation
o (foliage = plants, leaves)
o rocks forming in “leaf-like” layers
o i.e.: shale
APES Unit Outline - Shope
Unit Outline
A. Earth’s Structure
• layers
• composition
• topography (contour maps)
• landforms
B. Crustal Movement
• plate tectonics
• volcanism & earthquakes
C. Soil
• formation/weathering/erosion
• types
• horizon
D. Rocks & Minerals
• rock cycle
E. Earth’s Resources
A. Earth’s Structure
• layers
• composition
• topography (contour maps)
• landforms
B. Crustal Movement
• plate tectonics
• volcanism & earthquakes
C. Soil
• formation/weathering/erosion
• types
• horizon
D. Rocks & Minerals
• rock cycle
E. Earth’s Resources
Monday, November 5, 2007
Esp5 Practice Sentences - Calvar
He likes me.
Yo le gusto.
I have never liked avocado, but my family likes them.
Nunca me han gustado los aguacates pero a mi familia les gustan.
Paco really likes you.
Tú le gustas a Pedro.
If he didn’t like me, I would cry.
Si yo no le gustará, yo lloraría.
That I may like him is not the issue.
Que él me guste no es el asunto.
Yo le gusto.
I have never liked avocado, but my family likes them.
Nunca me han gustado los aguacates pero a mi familia les gustan.
Paco really likes you.
Tú le gustas a Pedro.
If he didn’t like me, I would cry.
Si yo no le gustará, yo lloraría.
That I may like him is not the issue.
Que él me guste no es el asunto.
Monday, October 22, 2007
Stat. Steps to Determine if Data is Exponential - Cooney
1. graph x and y
2. ratio test
• copy L2 into L3
• copy L2 into L4
• delete first number of L3
• delete last number of L4
• L5 = L3/L4
• common ration = mean of L5 (1-var stat. of L5)
3. graph x, logy
• clear L3, L4, L5
• L3 = log(L2)
• check to see if transformed data is linear… must be on statement of proof: “The transformed data appears to be (roughly/strongly/etc.) linear. Therefore the original data is exponential.”
• graph L1, L3
4. calculate linear regression of x and logy
• (y hat) = a + bx
• (stat calc 8 L1, L3, Y1)
• put line on graph (step 3)
5. residual plot to determine if truly linear (graph x, resid)
• resid: 2nd stat 8
6. pattern or not (random scatter = equally spread above and below line)
• write sentence: “If the residual plot shows random scatter, then the transformed data is linear and therefore the original data is exponential.”
7. write equation log(y hat) = a + bx
• simply write equation from step 4 and put “log” in front of (y hat)
8. inverse transformation
• write in exponential form
• (y hat) = 10 (to the) [a + bx] (power)
9. predict
**reference information from problem!**
2. ratio test
• copy L2 into L3
• copy L2 into L4
• delete first number of L3
• delete last number of L4
• L5 = L3/L4
• common ration = mean of L5 (1-var stat. of L5)
3. graph x, logy
• clear L3, L4, L5
• L3 = log(L2)
• check to see if transformed data is linear… must be on statement of proof: “The transformed data appears to be (roughly/strongly/etc.) linear. Therefore the original data is exponential.”
• graph L1, L3
4. calculate linear regression of x and logy
• (y hat) = a + bx
• (stat calc 8 L1, L3, Y1)
• put line on graph (step 3)
5. residual plot to determine if truly linear (graph x, resid)
• resid: 2nd stat 8
6. pattern or not (random scatter = equally spread above and below line)
• write sentence: “If the residual plot shows random scatter, then the transformed data is linear and therefore the original data is exponential.”
7. write equation log(y hat) = a + bx
• simply write equation from step 4 and put “log” in front of (y hat)
8. inverse transformation
• write in exponential form
• (y hat) = 10 (to the) [a + bx] (power)
9. predict
**reference information from problem!**
APES Oceanography Test Corrections - Shope
20. Each tide (high and low) usually occur twice daily because…
A. the sun’s gravity adds to the moon’s gravity
B. the moon rotates on its axis twice as fast as the earth
C. the moon orbits the earth in intervals of 12 hours
D. the moon’s gravity pulls the solid earth causing water to rise opposite the moon
E. ocean currents push against the gravity tides causing water to “slosh” up
2. D
A. the sun’s gravity adds to the moon’s gravity
B. the moon rotates on its axis twice as fast as the earth
C. the moon orbits the earth in intervals of 12 hours
D. the moon’s gravity pulls the solid earth causing water to rise opposite the moon
E. ocean currents push against the gravity tides causing water to “slosh” up
2. D
Esp5 Una Carta a Dios vocabulario - Calvar
español - english
un cerro bajo - small mountain (“montañas pequeños”)
cosecha - (crops), harvest
aguacero - rain storm
maduro - ripe
frijol - bean(s)
el corral - corral
gotas - drops
maíz - corn
hacia - towards
la vieja - old lady
Dios lo quiera. - God willing.
avanzar - to advance
cortina - curtain
soplar - to blow
granizos - hail
las perlas heladas - frozen pearls
monedas - coins
exponiéndose - exposing themselves (making available)
de pronto - suddenly
recoger - to pick up, collect
la huerta - garden (of vegetables)
langostas - lobsters
la tempestad - storm
el alma - soul
lamentaciones - (complaining, etc.), lamentations, woe, sadness
mortificado - upset
ojalá que - (I hope that), I wish…
el monte - the field
salado - salty
pasar hambre - to go hungry
afigirse (te aflijas) - to be afflicted
cuyos ojos - whose eyes
fortificado - fortified
una bestia - beast
las conciencias - conscience(s)
rudo - rough (not meaning “rude”)
echar - (to throw), to put; (letter in mailbox)
según - according to
el fondo - depths
sembrar - to plant
dirigida - directed to
golpecitos - taps, hits
el buzón - mailbox
un sello - stamp, (seal)
fe - faith
el sobre - envelope
metió - put in (letter to envelope)
cartero - mailman
gordo y amable - fat and friendly
confianza - confidence
tesoro - treasure
desilusionar - (to disillusion, lose), let down
sueldo - salary
tinta - ink
voluntary - to will
caridad - charity
el campesino - farmer
la mitad - half
entregar - deliever
siguió - continued
un cerro bajo - small mountain (“montañas pequeños”)
cosecha - (crops), harvest
aguacero - rain storm
maduro - ripe
frijol - bean(s)
el corral - corral
gotas - drops
maíz - corn
hacia - towards
la vieja - old lady
Dios lo quiera. - God willing.
avanzar - to advance
cortina - curtain
soplar - to blow
granizos - hail
las perlas heladas - frozen pearls
monedas - coins
exponiéndose - exposing themselves (making available)
de pronto - suddenly
recoger - to pick up, collect
la huerta - garden (of vegetables)
langostas - lobsters
la tempestad - storm
el alma - soul
lamentaciones - (complaining, etc.), lamentations, woe, sadness
mortificado - upset
ojalá que - (I hope that), I wish…
el monte - the field
salado - salty
pasar hambre - to go hungry
afigirse (te aflijas) - to be afflicted
cuyos ojos - whose eyes
fortificado - fortified
una bestia - beast
las conciencias - conscience(s)
rudo - rough (not meaning “rude”)
echar - (to throw), to put; (letter in mailbox)
según - according to
el fondo - depths
sembrar - to plant
dirigida - directed to
golpecitos - taps, hits
el buzón - mailbox
un sello - stamp, (seal)
fe - faith
el sobre - envelope
metió - put in (letter to envelope)
cartero - mailman
gordo y amable - fat and friendly
confianza - confidence
tesoro - treasure
desilusionar - (to disillusion, lose), let down
sueldo - salary
tinta - ink
voluntary - to will
caridad - charity
el campesino - farmer
la mitad - half
entregar - deliever
siguió - continued
APES Atmospheric Pollution & Processes Test Corrections - Shope
2. Under which of the following conditions would excess ozone be expected?
A. sunny summer day
B. hot overcast day
C. rainy winter day
D. clear warm evening
E. rainy summer day
5. Causes of global temperature change are affected by all of the following except
A. polar ice caps
B. rise of sea levels
C. atmospheric gases
D. combustion of fossil fuels
E. planetary orbit & positioning
8. A change in pH from 4 to 6 would represent
A. increased alkalinity by a factor of 2
B. increased acidity by a factor of 2
C. increased acidity by a factor of 100
D. increased alkalinity by a factor of 100
E. an acid that is 20 times stronger
15. Particulate matter is considered harmful to human health when its size is below
A. 1mm
B. 10mm
C. 10 micrometers
D. 25 micrometers
E. 100 micrometers
16. Thermal inversions are usually short term events caused when
A. warm air moves on top of cool air
B. warm air is trapped between layers of cool air
C. cool air replaces warm air
D. pollutants are trapped in warm air
E. cool and warm air mix and trap pollutants
18. Acid “rain” would have the least damaging effect on which of the following?
A. outside statues and monuments
B. plant life at higher elevations
C. freshwater aquatic life
D. human skin
E. leaves
19. Acid deposition has serious secondary consequences as a result of this effect.
A. it damages living tissue
B. acids change pH of freshwater
C. acids react with alkaline compounds to neutralize soil
D. acids raise normal pH of rain from 5.6
E. acids release toxic elements such as lead, mercury
2. A
5. B
8. D
15. C
16. C
18. D
19. E
A. sunny summer day
B. hot overcast day
C. rainy winter day
D. clear warm evening
E. rainy summer day
5. Causes of global temperature change are affected by all of the following except
A. polar ice caps
B. rise of sea levels
C. atmospheric gases
D. combustion of fossil fuels
E. planetary orbit & positioning
8. A change in pH from 4 to 6 would represent
A. increased alkalinity by a factor of 2
B. increased acidity by a factor of 2
C. increased acidity by a factor of 100
D. increased alkalinity by a factor of 100
E. an acid that is 20 times stronger
15. Particulate matter is considered harmful to human health when its size is below
A. 1mm
B. 10mm
C. 10 micrometers
D. 25 micrometers
E. 100 micrometers
16. Thermal inversions are usually short term events caused when
A. warm air moves on top of cool air
B. warm air is trapped between layers of cool air
C. cool air replaces warm air
D. pollutants are trapped in warm air
E. cool and warm air mix and trap pollutants
18. Acid “rain” would have the least damaging effect on which of the following?
A. outside statues and monuments
B. plant life at higher elevations
C. freshwater aquatic life
D. human skin
E. leaves
19. Acid deposition has serious secondary consequences as a result of this effect.
A. it damages living tissue
B. acids change pH of freshwater
C. acids react with alkaline compounds to neutralize soil
D. acids raise normal pH of rain from 5.6
E. acids release toxic elements such as lead, mercury
2. A
5. B
8. D
15. C
16. C
18. D
19. E
APES Pollutants (initial vocab) - Shope
Like usual, I have the notes with normal formatting (outline form) if anyone's interested.
• pathogens
o disease causing agents often resulting when sewage is untreated or enters waters through storm sewers or by being washed into waters after a rain
o examples:
- bacteria
- virus
- protozoans
- worms
• organic chemicals
o pollutants usually made from petroleum products or otherwise containing hydrocarbon
o examples
- oil
- gas
- plastics
- fertilizers
- detergents
• inorganic chemicals
o water soluble
o acids, salts, and plant nutrients
• toxins
o chemicals that directly poison living things
o includes industrial toxins and household chemicals
o examples
- heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium)
- pesticides
• physical pollutants
o suspended solids such as soil
o usually pollute by interfering with photosynthesis
• miscellaneous pollutants
o radioactive wastes
o heat
o genetic (or new species of organisms)
• Biological (Biochemical) Oxygen Demand = BOD
o the need for living things in water to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water
o BOD varies with the growth and reproductive needs of organisms and the availability of nutrients in the water
• pathogens
o disease causing agents often resulting when sewage is untreated or enters waters through storm sewers or by being washed into waters after a rain
o examples:
- bacteria
- virus
- protozoans
- worms
• organic chemicals
o pollutants usually made from petroleum products or otherwise containing hydrocarbon
o examples
- oil
- gas
- plastics
- fertilizers
- detergents
• inorganic chemicals
o water soluble
o acids, salts, and plant nutrients
• toxins
o chemicals that directly poison living things
o includes industrial toxins and household chemicals
o examples
- heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium)
- pesticides
• physical pollutants
o suspended solids such as soil
o usually pollute by interfering with photosynthesis
• miscellaneous pollutants
o radioactive wastes
o heat
o genetic (or new species of organisms)
• Biological (Biochemical) Oxygen Demand = BOD
o the need for living things in water to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water
o BOD varies with the growth and reproductive needs of organisms and the availability of nutrients in the water
Psychology Unit 4 Quiz Corrections - Mason
2. Which cells are located closest to the back of the retina?
A. feature detectors
B. ganglion cells
C. bipolar cells
D. rodes and cones
2. D
A. feature detectors
B. ganglion cells
C. bipolar cells
D. rodes and cones
2. D
Tuesday, October 16, 2007
APES Oceanography Notes - Shope
The formatting here sucks, but I have it nice and pretty (in outline form) with diagrams of the currents if anyone is interested... and if anyone has any questions about this section, let me know. I am obsessed with oceanography. :)
• surface currents are caused by wind (and friction)
• deep currents are caused by density (caused by temperature and salinity): thermohaline circulation; (a.k.a. density currents)
• distribution of water:
o 71% of the Earth is water
o 97% is sea water (salty)
o 3% is freshwater
o 2.997% of which is unavailable for human use (ice, etc.)
o 0.003% available for human use
• salts and ocean water
o about 3.5% of ocean water is composed of salt (saline)
o 85% of that is NaCl (regular table salt)
o also: magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium
• the bottom of the ocean is basically a nutrient sink… aquatic organisms die and remains fall to bottom
• aquatic biomes: marine (saltwater) or freshwater
• coastal biomes
o estuaries: main breeding grounds
o marsh: coastal wetlands
o tidal pools: intertidal
• ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) (“baby boy”)
o not an upwelling
o southern trade winds blow warm equatorial water away from South America and towards Asia as they blow northwest (usual)
o this allows the Peruvian current to upwell with cold, nutrient rich water
o ENSO suppresses upwelling (usual)
o generally happens around Christmastime
o warm water returns toward South America (warm air & clouds return too)
o thermocline is lowered
o less nutrients… less phytoplankton… less fish
o air pressure change: low to South America
o occurs roughly every 3-7 years (hasn’t happened in a while)
o provides fuel for evaporation & storm centers in North America… (ex. ENSO in 1998 caused a lot of snow in Charlotte)
o North American climatologists “discovered” it in 1960s… fishermen in South America had known for 100s of years
o weakens trade winds
o ties into monsoon season in Asia (more monsoons)
o cause of ENSO unknown
• La Niña (“baby girl”)
o increase in normal patterns
• tides
o the diurnal (daily) cycle of water movement caused by lunar gravity and modified by solar gravity
o tides vary with the moon’s distance in orbit and with coastal features
o occur at intervals of about six ours each day on most ocean coasts
o really only has noticeable effect on oceans
o hardly any effect on climate, but has big ecological effects
o not constant day to day because of orbits and coastal features
• types of tides
o high & low
o flood – incoming, low to high
o ebb – outgoing, high to low
o spring – highest tide (MEMS)
o neap – lowest tide
• tide frequency
o diurnal – one of each per day
o semidiurnal – two of each per day
o mixed – one & two or two & one
• waves
o the passing of a wave is essentially a transfer of energy
o the water within the wave moves in a circular pattern
o the depth of movement (a.k.a. the depth of the wave) is equal to 1/2 the wavelength
o a wave will “break” when the depth of the wave is about 1/20 the wavelength
• west wind drift – circles Antarctica (a current)
• surface currents are caused by wind (and friction)
• deep currents are caused by density (caused by temperature and salinity): thermohaline circulation; (a.k.a. density currents)
• distribution of water:
o 71% of the Earth is water
o 97% is sea water (salty)
o 3% is freshwater
o 2.997% of which is unavailable for human use (ice, etc.)
o 0.003% available for human use
• salts and ocean water
o about 3.5% of ocean water is composed of salt (saline)
o 85% of that is NaCl (regular table salt)
o also: magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium
• the bottom of the ocean is basically a nutrient sink… aquatic organisms die and remains fall to bottom
• aquatic biomes: marine (saltwater) or freshwater
• coastal biomes
o estuaries: main breeding grounds
o marsh: coastal wetlands
o tidal pools: intertidal
• ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) (“baby boy”)
o not an upwelling
o southern trade winds blow warm equatorial water away from South America and towards Asia as they blow northwest (usual)
o this allows the Peruvian current to upwell with cold, nutrient rich water
o ENSO suppresses upwelling (usual)
o generally happens around Christmastime
o warm water returns toward South America (warm air & clouds return too)
o thermocline is lowered
o less nutrients… less phytoplankton… less fish
o air pressure change: low to South America
o occurs roughly every 3-7 years (hasn’t happened in a while)
o provides fuel for evaporation & storm centers in North America… (ex. ENSO in 1998 caused a lot of snow in Charlotte)
o North American climatologists “discovered” it in 1960s… fishermen in South America had known for 100s of years
o weakens trade winds
o ties into monsoon season in Asia (more monsoons)
o cause of ENSO unknown
• La Niña (“baby girl”)
o increase in normal patterns
• tides
o the diurnal (daily) cycle of water movement caused by lunar gravity and modified by solar gravity
o tides vary with the moon’s distance in orbit and with coastal features
o occur at intervals of about six ours each day on most ocean coasts
o really only has noticeable effect on oceans
o hardly any effect on climate, but has big ecological effects
o not constant day to day because of orbits and coastal features
• types of tides
o high & low
o flood – incoming, low to high
o ebb – outgoing, high to low
o spring – highest tide (MEMS)
o neap – lowest tide
• tide frequency
o diurnal – one of each per day
o semidiurnal – two of each per day
o mixed – one & two or two & one
• waves
o the passing of a wave is essentially a transfer of energy
o the water within the wave moves in a circular pattern
o the depth of movement (a.k.a. the depth of the wave) is equal to 1/2 the wavelength
o a wave will “break” when the depth of the wave is about 1/20 the wavelength
• west wind drift – circles Antarctica (a current)
APES Oceanography Vocab - Shope
littoral: belonging to or found on or near the shore
intertidal: shoreline area between the high and low tide marks
continental shelf: that region of the continental land mass submerged under the ocean
continental slope: the descending drop-off from the continent to the ocean floor
abyssal plain: the bottom of the ocean; the ocean floor; ("abyss" means deep)
seamount: "sea mountain"; often refers to volcanic mountains formed from the abyssal plain
neritic: waters near the shore or coastline
pelagic: the main surface waters of the ocean
benthic: deep ocean waters
gyre: a very large circular flow of water in the ocean; (ring)
thermocline: a layer in a large body of water where the temperature makes a sharp change with a major change in the temperature gradient
halocline: a sharp change in salinity; ("halo" means salt)
plankton: small free floating/drifting aquatic life; vital for life
phytoplankton: photosynthetic (plant) plankton
zooplankton: animal plankton
nekton: swimming (mobile) aquatic life
upwelling: an oceanic process whereby prevailing winds force warm surface water away from coastlines, allowing cool, nutrient rich water to rise to the surface, thus increasing food supplies for aquatic life
wave: the moving swell of water caused by the energy of wind, tides, or currents
wave crest: top (highest point of wave)
wave trough: lowest point between two successive waves
wave height: vertical difference between crest & trough
wave length: horizontal difference between two crests
wave period: elapsed time between two passing crests
wave of oscillation: passage of energy through water without movement of the water; most common type of wave
wave of translation: a near-shore wave that "breaks" causing water to move forward
intertidal: shoreline area between the high and low tide marks
continental shelf: that region of the continental land mass submerged under the ocean
continental slope: the descending drop-off from the continent to the ocean floor
abyssal plain: the bottom of the ocean; the ocean floor; ("abyss" means deep)
seamount: "sea mountain"; often refers to volcanic mountains formed from the abyssal plain
neritic: waters near the shore or coastline
pelagic: the main surface waters of the ocean
benthic: deep ocean waters
gyre: a very large circular flow of water in the ocean; (ring)
thermocline: a layer in a large body of water where the temperature makes a sharp change with a major change in the temperature gradient
halocline: a sharp change in salinity; ("halo" means salt)
plankton: small free floating/drifting aquatic life; vital for life
phytoplankton: photosynthetic (plant) plankton
zooplankton: animal plankton
nekton: swimming (mobile) aquatic life
upwelling: an oceanic process whereby prevailing winds force warm surface water away from coastlines, allowing cool, nutrient rich water to rise to the surface, thus increasing food supplies for aquatic life
wave: the moving swell of water caused by the energy of wind, tides, or currents
wave crest: top (highest point of wave)
wave trough: lowest point between two successive waves
wave height: vertical difference between crest & trough
wave length: horizontal difference between two crests
wave period: elapsed time between two passing crests
wave of oscillation: passage of energy through water without movement of the water; most common type of wave
wave of translation: a near-shore wave that "breaks" causing water to move forward
Saturday, October 6, 2007
Psychology Text Notes pg.193-199 - Mason
sensation – the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
perception – the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
bottom-up processing – analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
top-down processing – information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
psychophysics – the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience to them
absolute threshold – the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus fifty percent of the time
signal detection theory – a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”); assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue
subliminal – below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
difference threshold – the minimum difference between the two stimuli required for detection fifty percent of the time; we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference; also called just noticeable difference or jnd.
Weber’s law – the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
perception – the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
bottom-up processing – analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
top-down processing – information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
psychophysics – the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience to them
absolute threshold – the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus fifty percent of the time
signal detection theory – a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”); assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue
subliminal – below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
difference threshold – the minimum difference between the two stimuli required for detection fifty percent of the time; we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference; also called just noticeable difference or jnd.
Weber’s law – the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
Wednesday, October 3, 2007
Psychology Test 2 Corrections (Research Methods) - Mason
20. Which of the following is the measure of variation that is most affected by extreme scores?
A. mode
B. range
C. standard deviation
D. mean
31. Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate
A. the need to use statistics
B. the need for a representative sample
C. concerns over validity
D. many confounding variables
33. The __________ is a measure of ___________.
A. correlation coefficient; central tendency
B. median, central tendency
C. mode; variation
D. mean; variation
E. standard deviation, central tendency
35. The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment’s results is called
A. representative sampling
B. variable controlling
C. stratification
D. random assignment
48. Given a normal distribution of IQ scores with mean score of 100 and standard deviation of 15: your IQ score is 115, what percentile is your IQ score in?
A. 34th
B. 68th
C. 50th
D. 99th
E. 84th
20. B
31. D
33. B
35. D
48. E
A. mode
B. range
C. standard deviation
D. mean
31. Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate
A. the need to use statistics
B. the need for a representative sample
C. concerns over validity
D. many confounding variables
33. The __________ is a measure of ___________.
A. correlation coefficient; central tendency
B. median, central tendency
C. mode; variation
D. mean; variation
E. standard deviation, central tendency
35. The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment’s results is called
A. representative sampling
B. variable controlling
C. stratification
D. random assignment
48. Given a normal distribution of IQ scores with mean score of 100 and standard deviation of 15: your IQ score is 115, what percentile is your IQ score in?
A. 34th
B. 68th
C. 50th
D. 99th
E. 84th
20. B
31. D
33. B
35. D
48. E
Thursday, September 27, 2007
Psychology Test 1 corrections - Mason
9. In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s through the 1950s, American psychologists emphasized the study of _______.
A. mental processes; observable behavior
B. environmental influences; hereditary influences
C. maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior
D. unconscious motives; conscious thoughts & feelings
17. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the:
A. treatment of psychological disorders
B. adaptive value of conscious thought
C. component elements of sensory experience
D. disruptive effects of unconscious motives
9. A
17. B
A. mental processes; observable behavior
B. environmental influences; hereditary influences
C. maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior
D. unconscious motives; conscious thoughts & feelings
17. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the:
A. treatment of psychological disorders
B. adaptive value of conscious thought
C. component elements of sensory experience
D. disruptive effects of unconscious motives
9. A
17. B
APES Biomes Quiz corrections - Shope
10. Which of the following would be an example of a “cold desert”?
A. sahara
B. gobi
C. pampas
D. veldt
E. savanna
10. B
A. sahara
B. gobi
C. pampas
D. veldt
E. savanna
10. B
Sunday, September 23, 2007
APES Atmosphere Test Corrections - Shope
1. The velocity of wind in a certain area would most likely be determined by…
A. Coriolis Force
B. difference in the pressure gradient
C. the temperature
D. convection current direction
E. dew point
3. Earth’s insolation is mostly a variable of
A. earth’s orbital path
B. latitude
C. altitude
D. atmospheric moisture
E. pressure gradients
6. The abundance of tropical rains is principally due to
A. the descending air in the convection cell
B. condensation of vapor in vertically rising warm air
C. air being deflected by the coriolis effect
D. excessive moisture in the cooling air
E. the pressure difference between high and low air masses
8. You observe clouds overhead; which of the following can you determine?
A. the relative humidity is low at ground level
B. the dew point is equal to the ambient air temperature
C. the clouds have a temperature equal to the ambient air temperature
D. the temperature at the cloud base is equal to the dew point
E. the relative humidity must equal the dew point
11. This best explains climatic differences between North-South hemispheres:
A. different convection cells
B. different amounts of land mass
C. reverse wind patterns
D. opposite seasons
E. larger Hadley cells in the North
13. Winds are primarily produced by
A. warm air rising
B. cool air descending
C. the tilt of Earth’s axis
D. the coriolis force
E. the sun
1. B
3. B
6. B
8. D
11. B
13. E
A. Coriolis Force
B. difference in the pressure gradient
C. the temperature
D. convection current direction
E. dew point
3. Earth’s insolation is mostly a variable of
A. earth’s orbital path
B. latitude
C. altitude
D. atmospheric moisture
E. pressure gradients
6. The abundance of tropical rains is principally due to
A. the descending air in the convection cell
B. condensation of vapor in vertically rising warm air
C. air being deflected by the coriolis effect
D. excessive moisture in the cooling air
E. the pressure difference between high and low air masses
8. You observe clouds overhead; which of the following can you determine?
A. the relative humidity is low at ground level
B. the dew point is equal to the ambient air temperature
C. the clouds have a temperature equal to the ambient air temperature
D. the temperature at the cloud base is equal to the dew point
E. the relative humidity must equal the dew point
11. This best explains climatic differences between North-South hemispheres:
A. different convection cells
B. different amounts of land mass
C. reverse wind patterns
D. opposite seasons
E. larger Hadley cells in the North
13. Winds are primarily produced by
A. warm air rising
B. cool air descending
C. the tilt of Earth’s axis
D. the coriolis force
E. the sun
1. B
3. B
6. B
8. D
11. B
13. E
Friday, September 14, 2007
APES Atmosphere (study guide) - Shope
Considering the fact that everyone on A day has the test tomorrow (or rather, today, considering it's 12:06 AM), I don't think this will be very useful. But anyone who has it on B days?
I have a four-page study guide for the first test on Atmospheres... it has all the notes, the information from the book, and information from the AP book. The formatting doesn't work here, but if anyone reads this before you actually take the test... let me know and I'll happily e-mail it to you.
Good luck on the test!
I have a four-page study guide for the first test on Atmospheres... it has all the notes, the information from the book, and information from the AP book. The formatting doesn't work here, but if anyone reads this before you actually take the test... let me know and I'll happily e-mail it to you.
Good luck on the test!
Tuesday, September 11, 2007
Sinopsis Order - Calvar
1. presente
2. pretérito
3. imperfecto
4. presente progresivo
5. imperfecto progresivo
6. presente perfecto
7. pluscuamperfecto
8. futuro perfecto
9. condicional perfecto
10. futuro cercano
11. futuro
12. condicional
13. imperativo/mandatos
14. presente de subjuntivo
15. imperfecto de subjuntivo
16. perfecto de subjuntivo
17. pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo
2. pretérito
3. imperfecto
4. presente progresivo
5. imperfecto progresivo
6. presente perfecto
7. pluscuamperfecto
8. futuro perfecto
9. condicional perfecto
10. futuro cercano
11. futuro
12. condicional
13. imperativo/mandatos
14. presente de subjuntivo
15. imperfecto de subjuntivo
16. perfecto de subjuntivo
17. pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo
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