APES Biological Energy Flow / Nutrient Cycles - Shope

• 2 basic principles of ecosystem sustainability
o energy must be obtained from the sun & cycled through the system
o nutrients needed for survival and reproduction must be recycled

Vocabulary

• trophic
o nutrition or feeding level
o trophic levels, food chains, pyramid of energy flow

• GPP (Gross Primary Productivity)
o the total rate at which producers are able to convert solar energy

• NPP (Net Primary Productivity)
o the remaining biomass (energy) that is available after the producers have used energy for their own respiration

• producers or autotrophs
o photosynthetic organisms
o first trophic level
o plants, algae, phytoplankton

• consumers or heterotrophs
o herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, detritivores, saprophytes, decomposers

• detritivores (debris)
o organisms that feed on partially decomposed matter
o ex.: crabs, termites

• saprophytes
o plants or fungi that feed on decomposing matter

• decomposers
o bacteria & fungi that break down organic matter into the chemical components

APES Population Test Review - Shope

(chapter 8 in textbook)





vocabulary
o population
• crash
• density
• explosion
• momentum
• change
• dispersion/distribution
• dynamics
o dieback/overshoot
o immigration/emigration
o predator/prey
o doubling time
o J & S curves
o exponential growth
o mathusian growth (same as exponential)
o environmental resistance
o carrying capacity
o ZPG
o CBR/CDR
o fertility/fercundity
o prolific
o habitat fragmentation
o k & r reproduction
o type I (human), II, III (insect) survivorship
o biotic potential
o intrinsic growth
o replacement fertility
o natality/mortality
o monoculturing (homogenizing)
o opportunistic species
o island biography






topics
o graph population pyramids
o graph survivorship/reproduction patterns
o compute…
• growth rates & doubling times
• future populations from growth rates
• population estimates per mark/recapture
o demographic transitions & distribution patterns
o human influences






formulas
o (doubling time) = (70) / (% growth rate)

o (% growth rate) = (70) / (doubling time)

o (final population) = (starting population) ( (1.(% growth rate) to the (number of years) degree)

o (population size) = ( (size first sample) (size second sample) ) / (recaptured)

APES Human Influences on Natural Populations - Shope

1. reducing biodiversity
• habitat destruction
• habitat fragmentation
• habitat degradation

2. simplifying (homogenizing) ecosystems
• monoculturing (extensive in agriculture)
• opportunistic species (better able to adapt)

3. alteration of Earth’s net primary productivity (basics)

4. strengthening pest/disease species (ex.: MDR bacteria)

5. elimination predators

6. introducing alien (nonnative) species

7. overharvesting

8. interference with natural chemical cycles

9. substituting nonrenewable for renewable energy

APES Reproductive Strategies - Shope

• “r” strategy
o high birth rate
o short life span
o short gestation
o no parental care
o early reproductive age
o ex.: mayflies, insects, fish, weeds

• “k” strategy
o low birth rate
o long life span
o long gestation
o moderate to high parental care
o late reproductive maturity
o ex.: mammals, birds

APES Populations Vocab Part 2 - Shope

Thanks to Vaishali for typing these up and sending them to me! It's nice to only have to mess with the formatting, rather than try to actually read the notes I took in class. :)


• Immigration
o new individuals moving into an established population

• Emigration
o individuals leaving a population

• Population Change
o (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)

• Environmental Resistance
o all the factors that combine to limit the size of the population
o (the sum of the limiting factors)

• Biotic Potentials
o capacity for growth of a population

• Intrinsic Rate
o the ability for a population growth with unlimited resources available

• Population distribution
o clumped – living in clusters or packed together
o random – living in scattered geographical areas
o uniform – living within evenly spaced areas

• Doubling Time
o time it takes for the population to double
--> Doubling Time = (70) / (% growth rate)
--> % growth rate = (70) / (number of years )