1. reducing biodiversity
• habitat destruction
• habitat fragmentation
• habitat degradation
2. simplifying (homogenizing) ecosystems
• monoculturing (extensive in agriculture)
• opportunistic species (better able to adapt)
3. alteration of Earth’s net primary productivity (basics)
4. strengthening pest/disease species (ex.: MDR bacteria)
5. elimination predators
6. introducing alien (nonnative) species
7. overharvesting
8. interference with natural chemical cycles
9. substituting nonrenewable for renewable energy
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